- 1,2-Dibromoethane is
the chemical compound with the formula BrCH2CH2Br. Although trace
amounts occurs naturally in the ocean where it is formed, probably by
algae and kelp, it is mainly a synthetic. It is a colorless liquid with
a mild, sweaty odor. It is manufactured by the reaction of ethylene with
bromine. 1,2-Dibromoethane is used in organic synthesis as an
"entrainment reagent" to activate magnesium for certain Grignard
reagents.
- Carbon tetrachloride,
also known by other names is the chemical compound CCl4. It is used in
synthetic chemistry and was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers
and refrigeration, but largely abandoned.
- Fumigants are the most
toxic of all pesticide chemicals used in agriculture. They are used to
kill insects, nematodes, weed seeds and fungi in soil, silo- stored
cereal grains, fruits and vegetables. Fumigants may be liquids
that can release a toxic gas on reacting with water or acid, or
gases.
- In India, mixtures of
the two fumigants in various proportions have been recommended for
application under sheets or in chambers to treat different types of
commodities in bags under warehouse conditions (Majumder, 1962).
Treatment with the fumigant mixtures accompanied by simultaneous
prophylactic applications of liquid insecticides to prevent
reinfestation is known as the "Durofume" process .
- Ethylene dibromide
(EDB) is an ingredient of many important fumigant mixtures. Alone or
with other toxic fumigants EDB is commonly mixed with carbon
tetrachloride (CT) as a grain or local spot fumigant. The inclusion of
CT as a high proportion of the formulation appears to add greatly to the
effectiveness of EDB, principally because CT acts as an eluant for EDB
in a column of grain and assists effectively in its downward
migration.
- Ethylene dibromide has
been used as a fumigant for stored grain, fruits and vegetables for the
treatment of soil against nematodes and for spot treatment in flour
mills. The compound is sometimes mixed with carbon tetrachloride or
dicholorpropene to increase the spectrum of activity. It is a heavy,
colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour. It is stable and
non-flammable.Ethylene dibromide is a severe irritant to skin, eyes and
the respiratory tract. The liquid causes blistering and erosion of the
skin and is corrosive to the eyes.
- Carbon tetrachloride is
currently manufactured in the United States by Vulcan Materials Company
at two plants: Geismar, Louisiana and Wichita, Kansas, with a combined
130 million pound capacity. Current import or export quantities show
that for the year 2002, the United States exported 11,880,074 kg (1,880
metric tons), and for 2003 through April, the United States exported
3,714,817 kg (3,715 metric tons) (USITC 2003).
- India's agricultural
chemicals market is estimated at USD 650 million and is expected to grow
10 to 12 percent per year. The agricultural chemicals industry is
dominated by insecticides, which accounts for 73 percent of the market,
herbicides constitute approximately 13 percent of the market, and
fungicides 11 percent. Of all agricultural chemicals used, 50 percent
are utilized for cotton crops, 20 percent for rice and wheat crops, and
the balance by tea plantations and for pulses cultivation.
- There are an
estimated 25 to 30 major agricultural chemical manufacturers, and more
than 600 basic manufacturers and formulators. Over the years, the Indian
agricultural chemicals market has undergone a process of continuous
consolidation. From approximately 35 to 40 companies controlling about
90 percent of the market share two decades ago, today there are
approximately 25 dominant players.
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General
Information
- Ethylene
Dibromide Information
- Carbon
tetrachloride Information
- 1,2-Dibromoethane
- Carbon
Tetrachloride
- Chemicals
List
- Bromine
Information
- Carbon
Tetrachloride Chemical Backgrounder
Production
-
Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of Carbon
Tetrachloride
-
Production of Ethane, Ethylene, and Acetylene from Halogenated
Hydrocarbons by Methanogenic Bacteria
- General
classification of pesticides: fumigants
- Fumigants
Mixtures
Analysis and Quality
Control
- Ambient Water
Quality Criteria for Carbon Tetrachloride
- Quality
Assurance Plan
- California
Regional Water Quality Control Board
-
Analysis of Air Toxics Emission Inventory: Inhalation
Toxicity-Based Ranking
- Increased Carbon
Tetrachloride Induced Liver Injury and Fibrosis in FGFR4-Deficient
Mice
Company
Profiles
- Dow
- KIFF
Analytical
- NUCON
International, Inc.
- Rainbowpush
Coalition
- Vijay
International
Consultants
- Richard L. Wade,
Ph.D., M.P.H.
- Joseph V.
Rodricks, Ph.D., D.A.B.T.
- Shelley
A.Hearne
- Raymond Richard
Neutra
- Engineering
& Consulting Resources Inc
- CCTox
Consulting
- Raymond D.
Harbison, M.S., Ph.D.
- Richard
R.Grayson M.D
- Steven P.
Sayko
Material Safety Data
Sheet
- Carbon
Tetrachloride- Human Health Fact Sheet
- Ethylene
Dibromide
- Ethylene
dibromide (EDB), dibromoethane
- Ethylene
Dibromide Factsheet
- Ethylene
Dibromide (EDB) Chemical Profile
- Safety data for
Carbon Tetrachloride
- Carbon
Tetrachloride Chemical Profile
Patent
- Process for the
Production of Chloroform from Carbon Tetrachloride, catalytic
Compositions and Process for Obtaining Them
- Gelling agent
and production method
- Method for
remediation of an environment contaminated with carbon
tetrachloride
- Phosgene Having
Low Content of Carbon Tetrachloride
- Catalysts for
hydrodechlorination of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform
- Method For
Preparing Carbon tetrachloride
- Scavenging
Additive For Leaded automotive Fuel and Method of Using Same
- Preparation of
organic macrocyclic compounds
- Method of
purifying chlorine-containing gases
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Technology
- In Situ
Bioremediation of Carbon Tetrachloride in Groundwater
-
Decomposition of carbon tetrachloride in air plasma using glow
discharge atomic emission spectrometry
-
Localization and Characterization of the Carbon
Tetrachloride
-
Modelling of Carbon Tetrachloride Decomposition in Oxidative RF
Thermal Plasma
-
Up-regulating Plant Defenses in Populus Increases
Phytoremediation Capacity for Carbon Tetrachloride
- Removal of
Carbon Tetrachloride from a Layered Porous Medium
-
Carbon
Tetrachloride and Chloroform Partition Coefficients Derived from Aqueous
Desorption of Contaminated Hanford Sediments
Applications
-
Ethylene Dibromide Mineralization in Soils under Aerobic
Conditions
- Fumigation
- Methods of grain
fumigation
- Compression
Failures in Wood Detected by The Application of Carbon Tetrachloride to
the Surface
- Carbon
Tetrachloride in Vegetation and its Application to Expedited site
Characterization
Market
- Bromine
- Bromination and
Production Techniques for fine Chemicals
- Production,
Import/ Export, Use and Disposal
- Market Survey-
India
- Market Outlook -
Bromine
Report
- Environmental
Contaminants encyclopedia Carbon Tetrachloride
- Ethylene
Dibromide
- Health Effects
of Ethylene Dibromide
- In situ
Bioremediation for the Hanford Carbon Tetrachloride Plume
- Ethylene
Dibromide
- Environmental
Health Criteria
- Ethylene
Dibromide to the Scientific Review
- Public Health
Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water
Ethylene Dibromide
and Carbon Tetrachloride Suppliers
- Carbon
Tetrachloride Selling Leads
- Suppliers
Directory
- Exporters of
Carbon Tetrachloride
- Ethylene
Dibromide Suppliers
- Ethylene
Dibromide Selling Leads
- 1, 2
Dibromoethane Suppliers
- Sellers of
Carbon Tetrachloride
Guides
- Technical
Guidelines on Hazardous waste from the Production and Use of Organic
Solvents
- Frequently Asked
Questions - Carbon Tetrachloride
- Contaminant
Guide
- Drinking Water
Contaminants- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Occupational
Health Guideline for Carbon Tetrachloride
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