- Endosulfan is a
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide and acaricide of the cyclodiene
subgroup which acts as a poison to a wide variety of insects and mites
on contact. Although it may also be used as a wood preservative, it is
used primarily on a wide variety of food crops including tea, coffee,
fruits, and vegetables, as well as on rice, cereals, maize, sorghum, or
other grains.
- Endosulfan, when
sprayed, consists of the a and b isomers but these are metabolised to
the sulfate on pasture or when ingested. The primary residue detected in
livestock is therefore endosulfan sulphate.
- Adding endosulfan to
soil appears to reduce the rate of degradation of other organochlorine
pesticides already present in the soil, either because endosulfan
reduces the populations of micro-organisms, or because of reduction of
the activity of micro-organisms responsible for degradation of the other
organochlorines.
- Endosulfan is a
powerful poison linked to accidental deaths of farmers and consumers of
sprayed crops in North and South America, Africa and Asia. In India,
long-term exposure to the chemical has been linked to hundreds of cases
of serious illnesses including cancers, birth defects and neurological
and reproductive disorders. Endosulfan kills indiscriminately and
non-pest species, including birds and fish, have died following exposure
- mass deaths of fish poisoned by endosulfan have been reported from
five continents. The chemical persists in the environment and
accumulates in the food chain. It was recorded at 100 times the
permitted level in cow milk and meat in India.
- The EJF report
summarises the health and environmental hazards posed by this chemical
and calls for action from to governments, inter-governmental agencies
and the agrochemical industry. Endosulfan is banned or severely
restricted in over 30 countries and safe application cannot be
guaranteed under conditions of use in the developing countries where the
chemical is still widely used. The time has come for responsible
authorities to take action against this chemical in order to safeguard
human health and environmental integrity.
- A big drawback with
endosulfan is that the breakdown product, endosulfan sulphate, is more
persistent than the parent compound, accounting for 90% of the residue
in 11 weeks.
- The Central
Insecticides Bureau (CIB) is the Central Govt. Agency, which regulates
pesticide use in India. They have periodical reviews of use of
pesticides and is the agency for registering its manufacture, sale and
use.
- The EPA recommends
not more than 74 ppb (part per billion) in lakes, streams, or rivers,
and not more than 0.1 – 2 ppm (parts per million) on surfaces of
agricultural products (except dried tea, <24 ppm). Consumers are
advised to wash agricultural products before their
consumption.
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General
- Endosulfan-Chemical Database
- Endosulfan-Summary
- Endosulfan
- Endosulfan-Pesticide Information Profiles
- Endosulfan-Data Sheet
- Endosulfan-chemistry
- Chemical and
Physical Information
- Endosulfan -
Data
FAQ
- Endosulfan-alpha
- Endosulfan-beta
- Endosulfan-Fact Sheet
- Endosulfan-FAQ
- Endosulfan-Human Health Statement
- Fact
sheet
Guidelines
- Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan
- Occupational Safety
and Health Guidelines
- Guidelines for Drain
Disposal of
Chemicals
- The reconsiderations
of active constituent Endosulfan
- Guidelines for the
Assessments of Dredge material for Disposal
- Endosulfan Health and Safety Guide
Risk Assessment
- End of the Road for
Endosulfan
- Endosulfan
- Suppression of auxin
stimulated growth of barley coleoptile sections by endosulfan
- Overview of
Endosulfan Risk Assessment
- HED Risk Assessment for the
Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision
- EFED Risk Assessment for the
Reregistration Eligibility Decision on Endosulfan
- Evaluation of
Possible Endocrine Effects in Mammalian Species.
- Hazard
- Health
Effects
- Potential for Human
Exposure
- The Problem of
Endosulfan
Analysis
- Analytical
Methods
- Biodegradation of
cyclodiene insecticide endosulfan by Mucor thermohyalospora
- Detection and
extraction of endosulfan by metal nanoparticles
- Technical
Endosulfan
- Sampling and
Analytical Methods
- Quantitative Usage
Analysis for Endosulfan
- Endosulfan and its metabolites in fertile women, placenta, cord
blood, and human milk
- Endosulfan testing and monitoring program
Regulations
Production
Process and Technology
- Hindustan
Insecticide Limited - Endosulfan
- Pesticides
Manufacturing
- Use of CTC in
Endosulfan production
- Production
- Endosulfan Exposure
Disrupts
- Metabolic
Pathways
- Endosulfan
microcapsule dispersion - Patent
- Aqueous Suspension
Concentrates on Endosulfan - Patent
- Endosulfan - TechOffers
- Development of
Molecular Probes
Standards
- Analytical
Standards
- Contamination of
rural surface and ground water by endosulfan
- Environmental
Standards
- Pesticide
Standards
- Provisional
Environmental Quality Standards
- Standard - endosulfan
- Montana Numeric Water Quality
Standards
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Products
- Endosulfan (CASRN
115-29-7)
- Alpha-Endosulfan
- Endosulfan
400E
- Thiodan 2C-MSDS
- Thiodan Spray
Market
- Pesticides in
developing countries
- The pesticide industry in India
- The Endosulfan
Program
- Endosulfan in
India
- Pesticide
Residues
- Philippine Case
Study
Reports
- Dubey
panel's clean chit to endosulfan challenged
- Endosulfan remains a riddle shrouded in controversy
- Endosulfan
Conspiracy
- Review of Endosulfan
Incident Reports
- Children of endosulfan
- Environmental
Epidemiological study
- The living dead
- The Pesticides Endosulfan, Toxaphene, and Dieldrin
- Endosulfan
victims
Projects
- AMAP
Project Directory Registration Form
- Global Gridded
gamma-HCH and Endosulfan Emission Inventories
- Bioremediation of
pesticide-contaminated soils and its effect on soil
functionality
- Toxicological
evaluation of endosulfan in fish feed
- Proposal for Hed
Master's Project
Company
Profile
- Parijat
- Hindustan
Insecticides Limited
- Agro-care Chemical
Industry Group
- Excel
Industries Ltd
- FMC Corporation
- Makhteshim
Chemical Works
Suppliers
- Pesticides,
Insecticides & Allied Products Suppliers
- Endosulfan
Suppliers
- Chinese
Suppliers
- Endosulfan
Manufacturers
- Chinese
Manufacturers
- Global Exporters & Manufacturers
- Suppliers
- Indian Trade
Directory
- Manufacturers
- Endosulfan - Selling
Leads
Buyers
- Insecticide
Buyers
- Cyclodiene Buyers
- Endosulfan
Buyers
- Buying Leads -
Insecticides
- Insecticide-Buy
Offers
Consultants
- Endosulfan Task
Force
- PR Watch
- Experts
- Dr. Christopher
Pick
- Brendan Patrick
Doyle
Raw Material and
Equipment Suppliers
- Thionyl Chloride Suppliers
- Thionyl chloride MSDS
- Centrifuges
Suppliers
- Processing Plants
- Reactors
- Distillation
Equipment
- Flaker
machines
- Butenediol Suppliers
- Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Suppliers
Uses
- Biologic and
Economic Assessment
- Crop Profile
- Endosulfan -
Uses
- Endosulfan
Summary
- Intensive chemical
use on cotton crops
- Changes to
Endosulfan Use Requirements
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