Germanium

SiGe, Germanium Detector, Radio, Processing, Recycling, Regulatory Issues and Industry

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• Germanium is a hard grayish-white element. It has a metallic luster and the same crystal structure as diamond but is brittle like glass.
• Germanium is mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing in Alaska and Tennessee. Germanium refineries were in New York, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
• Germanium has been commercially retrieved from coal ash. Coal ash might one day become a significant source of germanium.
• Germanium is a semiconductor, which means it has electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator, and has many interesting electronic applications.
• Germanium concentrates are chlorinated with concentrated hydrochloric acid or chlorine gas to produce germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4).
• SiGe involves a revolutionary process technology in which the electrical properties of silicon are augmented with germanium to make the chips operate more efficiently.
• Germanium detectors are semiconductor diodes having a p-i-n structure.
• High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors are frequently used to detect gamma rays in energy spectroscopy and related fields because of their unparalleled resolving power and high photon detection efficiency.
• Germanium metal, high purity, is received for storage in the form of ingots which shall have a uniform trapezoidal shape.
• Germanium metal is not appreciably affected by water, fifty percent sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid.
• Germanium is of limited availability with few suppliers. At times, demand for germanium compounds has exceeded supply.
• Important uses are chemotherapy, electronics/solar electrical applications, fiber-optic systems, infrared optics, metallurgy, phosphors and polymerization catalysts.
• The major producers of germanium are Belgium, China, and Russia.

• Ge
• Background
• Sources and  Properties
• Arsenic-Doped
• Electron Band Structure
• Germanium-On-Insulator
• Kovové Germanium
• Zinc Germanium Phosphide
• Ge Based Linker
• Resistance Thermometers
• Germanium Diode
• Quantum Dots
• Germanium Audio File

Silicon Germanium

• SiGe Alloy
• BICMOS Process
• Microprocessor
• Polycrystalline Silicon Germanium
• Silicon–Germanium Gives
  Semiconductors
• Germanium/Silicon Ratios
• Transport in SiGe

Germanium Detector

• Germanium Detectors
• Sensitive Germanium Detector-3-Dimensional
•  Far-Infrared
• Efficiency and Resolution
• Detector Array
• Gamma-ray Tracking
• Gamma-ray Measurement
• Germanium Strip Detectors
• CMOS Readout System
• Matching Ge Detector
• X-Ray Spectroscopy
• Double-SOI photodetectors

High Purity Germanium

• HPGe Material and Detectors
• HPGe Crystal
• HPGe Diodes
• HPGe Detectors

• Clover Detector

Radio

• AM Radio
• Crystal Radio
• Radio Chemistry
• Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits

Processing and Recycling

• Processing Technology
• Ge Mixed-Signal
• Mineral Processing Sectors
• Recycling-US
• Metallic Ion Beam
• Storage of Germanium Metal

Technology

• Polyester Catalyst Technology
• Mixed-Signal/RF Technology
• BICMOS Technology
• SiGe Technology

Market Strategies

• Markets, Trends and Events
• Germanium Refinery
• Market Overview
• Trends and Future Projections
• World Market
• Market Outlook
• Price of Germanium

Regulatory Issues

• Germanium Dioxide
• Germanium Tetrachloride
• Draft Food Supplements

• Use Statistics
• Benefits of Germanium
• SiGe Semiconductors
• Strained SiGe MOSFET
• Ge Substrates

Surveys, Reports and Reviews

• Domestic Survey
• Mineral Commodity Profile
• Revised Review
• Annual Report
• Germanium Nanowires

Program

• Conference Scientific Program
• Symposium
• National Naofabrication

Germanium Industry

• Portable Radiation Detector-Industry
• Research Institute-Singapore
• Germanium Bracelet
• Yaksan
• Optical Fibre Industry
• Heterostructures in Electronics
• Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium Oxide

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