- Chloramphenicol is a
bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium
Streptomyces venezuelae.
- It was the first
antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale.
Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of
microorganisms.
- Chloramphenicol can
easily pass deeply through purulent material to the organisms hiding
within, through cell membranes to attack parasites living within, and
into organs where other antibiotics cannot go.
- Typically, the three
basic steps used in the majority of methods of analysis for
chloramphenicol are: Preparation of the primary extract of the sample;
Purification of the primary extract; Detection and quantification of
residues of chloramphenicol.
- There are numerous
procedures used to purify the primary extract in order to remove
substances interfering with the detection and quantification step. Solid
phase extraction is the most widely used technique for purification in
the analysis of residues of chloramphenicol in food matrices.
- Chloramphenicol
inhibits protein syntheis in bacteria and to a lesser extent in
eukaryotic cells. The drug readily penetrates bacterial cells,
probably by facilitated diffusion.
- Chloramphenicol also
can inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells, perhaps
because mitochondrial ribosomes resemble
bacterial ribosomes more
than they do the 80 S cytoplasmic ribosomes of mammalian
cells.
- Chloramphenicol
exists as white to grayish-white or yellowish-white fine crystalline
powder, needles, or elongated plates, with a melting point of 150.5°C to
151.5°C.
- Chloramphenicol is
soluble in water, chloroform, and ether, and very soluble in propylene
glycol, 50% acetamide, methanol, ethanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, and
acetone. It is insoluble in benzene, petroleum ether, and vegetable
oils.
- Chloramphenicol can
produce two distinctive types of bone marrow suppression.
Chloramphenicol interferes with the actions of several
bactericidal drugs, such as penicillins, cephalosporins and
aminoglycosides.
-
Chloramphenicol can be detected in blood serum, plasma,
or cerebrospinal fluid by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
HPLC or enzyme immunoassay may be used to determine chloramphenicol
levels in blood. Chloramphenicol can be measured in pharmaceutical
preparations for humans and animals with microbiological, turbidimetric,
and spectrophotometric assays.
- Chloramphenicol is
an antimicrobial agent with restricted use, because it causes blood
dyscrasia. It is used to combat serious infections for which other
antibiotics are either ineffective or contraindicated. It can be used
against gram-positive cocci and bacilli and gram-negative aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria.
- It is currently used
in eye ointments to treat superficial ocular infections involving the
conjunctiva or cornea, in topical ointments to treat the
external
ear or skin, in various tablets for oral administration, and in
intravenous suspensions to treat internal infections.
- Chloramphenicol has
been used to treat protozoa infections in animals. Chloramphenicol is
used in both dogs and cats to treat a variety of bacterial infections,
including skin infections, wound infections, bone infections, infections
of the central nervous system (encephalitis, meningitis), pneumonia, and
infections of the intestinal tract (such as diarrhea).
- It acts on the
protein manufacturing system of bacteria (the cell's ribosomes) yet does
not affect mammalian, reptilian, or avian ribosomes. With protein
manufacture being highly crucial for metabolism, disrupting a cell's
ability to make protein is disastrous. Highly susceptible bacteria are
killed outright while others are merely rendered unable to divide and
the host's immune system then destroys them upon discovery.
Chloramphenicol has an especially broad spectrum of activity against
numerous aerobic bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydial organisms, and
anaerobic bacteria.
-
Chloramphenicol is used in human
medicine as oral therapy for infections. The drug is used for
therapy and prophylaxis of plague.
- Chloramphenicol as described by the USFDA is a
potent broad-spectrum antibiotic drug used only as therapeutic doses for
treatment of serious infections in humans.
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General
- Chloramphenicol
- History and
Background
- Chloramphenicol Drug
Information
- Product
Information
- Chloramphenicol
Intro
- Overview of
Chloramphenicol
- Veterinary—Systemic
Extraction
Analysis
Dissolution Profile Evaluation of
Solid Pharmaceutical Forms Containing Chloramphenicol Marketed in Brazil
Determination of
Chloramphenicol Residues in honey by Monolithic Column Liquid
Chromatography
Chloramphenicol determination in
milk by liquid chromatography – tandem mass
spectrometry
Determination of
Chloramphenicol Residues in Shrimp and Crab Tissues by Electrospray
Triple Quadrupole LC/MS/MS
Functions
on Secondary Biosynthetic Processes of Bacillus
The effect of chloramphenicol on
the symbiosis between alga and hydra
Esterases in Serum-Containing
Growth Media Counteract Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Activity In
Vitro
How Partially Inhibitory
Concentrations of Chloramphenicol Affect the Growth of Escherichia coli
Chloramphenicol
resistance genes in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
Typhimurium isolated from human and animal sources in Hungary
Company
Profiles
- Company in
Israel
- Company in
Sweden
- Company in
Newyork
- Company in
Germany
- Company in
Hollister, CA
Uses
Patent
- Direct
chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assay
- Fluorescent
chloramphenicol derivatives for determination of chloramphenicol
acetyltransferase activity
- Morpholine
Acetic acid Ester of Chloramphenicol
- Process for
Producing Chloramphenicol analogs
- Production of
Chloramphenicol, Bottromycin and Fradicin
- Process for the
Synthesis of Intermediates of Chloramphenicol and its
analogues
- Process for the production of amphotericin-B
inhibiting production of amphotericin-A
Technology
- Control Technology
of Infectious Rhinitis of Rabbit
-
Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of
Infectious Diseases
-
Intraspecies transfer of a
chloramphenicol-resistance plasmid of staphylococcal origin
- Pharmaceutical
Powder Technology: Towards a science based understanding of the behavior
of powder Systems
-
Nucleotide exchange and excision
technology (NExT) DNA shuffling: a robust method for DNA fragmentation
and directed evolution |
Consultants
- Consultant in New
Delhi
- Consultant in Venice
FL
- Professor Emeritus
from a University
- An Expert from a
Consultancy
- Consultant in
Hyderabad
Project
- The Chloramphenicol
Resistance gene CMLA is disseminated on transferable Plasmids that
confer multiple-drug resistance in Swine Eschericia coli
-
Insertion of a Gene for
Chloramphenicol Resistance from Bacillus subtilis into an
Escherichia coli Plasmid
- Chloramphenicol Palmitate
- Projects Profile -
Chloramphenicol Palmitate
- Determination of
Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Tissue using Gas Chromatography with Electron
Capture Detector
Material Safety
Data Sheet
- Chloramphenicol
- Chloramphenicol ,
D-threo-[dichloroacetyl-1,2-14C]
- Chloramphenicol,
98.0 - 102.0%
- Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate
Products
- Chloramphenicol 1.0%
Eye Ointment Brochlor for Conjunctivitis
- Chloramphenicol
Ophthaimic Ointment
- RIDASCREEN®
Chloramphenicol
- Duricol
Chloramphenicol Capsules
- Chloramphenicol
capsules BP
- Chloromycetin
Eye Drops
Market
- U.S Customs service
and food & Drug Administration uncover dumping scheme involving
Contaminated honey imports from china
- Shrimp: A review of
the news in 2002
- Chloramphenicol testing in seafood — FDA to post protocol
on Internet soon
- Retail Shrimp to be Routinely Tested for
Chloramphenicol
- Drugs &
Pharmaceutical Raw Material - Retail Market Price Trends
- Veterinary
chloramphenicol - is being withdrawn from the market
Report
- Chloramphenicol, food-safety and precautionary thinking in
Europe
- Induction of
leukaemia in chloramphenicol-treated toads
- Judgement by
High Court of Calcutta
- WHO expert committee
on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations
- A survey of
chloramphenicol in imported crab meat
Suppliers
- Chloramphenicol
Suppliers
- Chloramphenicol
supplying Companies
- Chloramphenicol
Bulkdrugs Suppliers
- Suppliers of
Chloramphenicol
- Chloramphenicol
Selling Leads
- Chloramphenicol
Suppliers Directory
Buyers
- Glory
Laboratories Nigeria Limited
- Krish
Pharma
- Shah Pharmachem
Co
- Jiangxi
Medicine Imp & Exp Co Ltd
- Changzhou
Mingjiao Import And Export Corp. Ltd
Safety and
Regulations
FDA
Regulation
Standard
Residue Regulations for Chloramphenicol in spain
Traces of
Chloramphenicol in Chinese Bee Products
Toxicity and
Guidelines
- Chloramphenicol-
Toxicological Studies
- The Toxic Effects of
Prolonged Administration of Chloramphenicol on the Liver and Kidney of
Rats
- Practice Guidance :
OTC Chloramphenicol Eye Drops
- FAQ of
Chloramphenicol in Honey
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