- Thorium is a chemical
element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90.
- Pure thorium is a
silvery-white metal that retains its luster for several months.
- Thorium has the largest
liquid range of any element: 2946 K between the melting point and
boiling point.
- Thorium is a
naturally-occurring, slightly radioactive metal.
- It is found in small
amounts in most rocks and soils, where it is about three times more
abundant than uranium.
- It is the most common
of a group of elements called the actinides.
- The most common ores of
thorium are thorite and monazite.
- Thorium is a relatively
abundant element in the Earth's crust. Scientists estimate that the
crust contains about 15 parts per million of the element.
- The thorium in
monazite, thorite, or other minerals is first converted to thorium
dioxide (ThO2). This thorium dioxide is then heated with calcium to get
the free element.
U-233 must be recycled if thorium cycle is to be
sustainable.
- Calculations are
performed to estimate the feasibility of operation of heavy-water
thermal neutron power reactor in self-su±cient thorium cycle.
- Cost of thorium mining
is much less than that of uranium because the radiation danger in the
process of thorium mining is »100 times less than in the uranium
mining.
- The most important
thorium compound commercially is thorium dioxide. It is used in
high-temperature ceramics.
- A novel reactor-design
concept termed the Radkowsky Thorium Reactor (RTR) has been developed
that shows potential for early application in conventional pressurized
water reactors.
- Over the past
decade,thorium-234 has increasingly been used to quantify particle
fluxes from surface waters in both open-ocean and coastal
environments.
- The coating of mouse
myocardial cells has been investigated with a variety of cytochemical
methods. The coating of the surface membrane gives a positive reaction
with ruthenium red, colloidal thorium, phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low
pH, silver methenamine after periodic oxidation(PA-silver
technique).
- A procedure has been
developed for the determination of uranium and thorium in geological
samples using extraction chromatography.
- A new oxidimetric
method for the titrimetric determination of thorium is based on the
precipitation of thorium as the normal molybdate followed by the
reduction and titration of the molybdenum equivalent to the
thorium.
- Total amount of thorium
produced worldwide: 37 500 tonnes(US, Australia, China, India).
- Norway has one of the
major thorium reserves in the world.
- Thorium demand
worldwide remained depressed because of concerns over its naturally
occurring radioactivity.
- Exports of thorium
compounds from the United States were 1,090 kilograms (kg) valued at
$424,000, an increase from the 737 kg.
- Thorium consumption
worldwide is relatively small compared with that of most other mineral
commodities.
All thorium compounds, metal, and alloys used by the
domestic industry were derived from imports, company stocks, or material
previously acquired from the U.S. Government stockpile.
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General
Information
- Chemical Fact Sheet -
Thorium
- About Thorium
- Thorium - Periodic
Table
- Thorium
Information
- Thorium
Company
Profile
- Company from
Australia
- Company from New
York
- Company from
Norway
- Company from USA
- List of Mining
Companies
- Thorium Supplier
Production
- Thorium Commodity
Profile from 2003-2007
- Thorium Commodity
Profile from 2000-2004
- Thorium Commodity
Profile from 2001-2005
- Thorium Commodity
Profile from 2002-2006
- Thorium Commodity
Profile 2002
- Thorium Commodity
Profile 2003
- Thorium Commodity
Profile 2004
- Thorium Commodity
Profile 2005
- Thorium Commodity
Profile 2006
Process
Thorium Mining
Operation of CANDU power reactor in
thorium self-sufficient fuel cycle Thorium cycle with respect to waste
management.
Thorium Process Overview
Thorium
Treatment of Uranium and Thorium Chips at the
DOE Sites
Technology
-
A Coated Graphite Thorium-Ion
Selective Potentiometric Sensor Based on a Calix[4]arene Bearing
Phosphoryl Groups
- The coating of mouse myocardial cells : A
cytochemical Electron Microscopical Study
-
Determination of uranium and thorium
in geological materials using extraction chromatography
-
Engineering Considerations Regarding
Implemantation of a Thorium Fuel Cycle in a Uranium Based Operating
CANDU 6™ or ACR-1000™
Micro Sphere
Impregnation Technique for the Fabrication of Dense (TH,U)O2 Pellet
New Titrimetric
Methods for Thorium
Determination of Thorium in Solution by Using
Standard Addition Method of X-Ray Spectroscopy
Uses
- Lithium Wishes, Thorium Possibilities and
Hydrogen Dreams
Thorium-Based Fuel May
Play Role in Plutonium Disposition
Future Applications of Thorium-234 in
Aquatic Ecosystems
Thorium Based Fuel Designed to Reduce
the Proliferation Potential and Waste Disposal requirements of Light
Water Reactors
Review of the Radkowsky Thorium
Reactor Concept Use of Thorium reserve
Depends on Uranium
Thorium Utilization -
Nuclear power Programme
Material Safety
Data Sheet
Thorium Fluoride
Safety data for thorium
nitrate
Thorium AA Standard
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Consultant
- Consultant from
California
- Consultant from
Canada
- US Consultant from
Colorado
- Consultant from
Minnesota
- Consultant from
Texas
- Consultant from
UK
- Consultant from
US
Patent
- Process for
Concentrating Thorium Containing Magnesium Slag
- Method of Separating
Thorium from Plutonium
- Process for Selectively
Concentrating the Radioactivity of Thorium Containing Magnesium
Slag
- Process for Removing
Thorium and Recovering Vanadium from Titanium Chlorinator Waste
- Separation of Thorium
and Rare Earth Values from Fluorides Concentrates Thereof
- Treatment Process for
Removing Radioactive Thorium from Solvent Extraction Liquid
Effluent
Project
-
Correlation of Thorium-232 Radiation
to ATP Production Rate of Mitochondria
- European Transmutation Fuels Projects
-
Measurement of Radon, Thoron, Isotopic
Uranium and Thorium to Determine Occupational and Environmental Exposure
and Risk at Fernald Feed Material Production Center
- Occupational medical examinations on the thorium
substituent exposure of welders during use of thorium-free tungsten
inert-gas electrodes and on their significance for health
- Thorium project
Safety
Issues
-
Safety of burning (then inhaling)
Thorium Fluoride coating
- Health and Safety Aspects of Thorium
Production
- The Thorium Molten Salt Reactor : Launching the
Thorium Cycle While Closing the Current Fuel Cycle
Nuclear Fuel Cycles Issues and Challenges
Potential for Human Exposure
Market
Thorium as Nuclear
Fuel
Thorium as an energy source –
opportunities for Norway
Research and Development in Canada’s
Mining and Mineral Processing Industries Thorium Statistics - US
Geological Survey
Report
-
Thorium-230 coral chronology of a late
prehistoric Hawaiian chiefdom
Defense Nuclear
Facilities Safety Board - Staff Issue Report
Metallurgy Division -
Quarterly Progress Report
Papers Presented for
Thorium - Summary Report
Short Papers of the U.S. Geological Survey
Uranium-Thorium Symposium
A Qualitative Assessment Of
Thorium-Based Fuels In Supercritical Pressure Water Cooled
Reactors
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