- Peptides are the family
of short
molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of
various α-amino acids. The link between one amino acid residue and the
next is an amide bond and is sometimes referred to as a
peptide
bond. The major classes of
peptides are Ribosomal Peptides,
Nonribosomal peptides, Digested
peptides, Peptones, Peptide
Fragments.
- Peptides have received
prominence in molecular biology in recent times for several reasons. The
first and most important is that peptides allow the creation of
antibodies in animals without the need to purify the protein of
interest. One can simply make
antigenic peptides of sections of the
protein of interest. These will suffice in making antibodies in a rabbit
or mouse against the protein.
- At the heart of the
production
technology is a solution-phase
process, based on
extensive use of
persilylated amino acids. Free amino acids are
undoubtedly the least expensive components with which peptide synthesis
is performed. Since they are only soluble in water, they are not
compatible with most coupling methods. Upon conversion to a fully
silylated derivative, they
become highly soluble in organic
solvents. Trimethylsilylester offers the required protection and the
reactivity of the trimethyl -silylamino function is sufficiently high to
permit peptide bond formation.
- Since the purity of the
peptide
obtained from the synthesis is
sequence dependent,
purification to >95% will be performed upon request. Major impurities
can range from 10% to 50% by weight. They consist of small water soluble
molecules, salts and protecting groups from the cleavage reaction,
deletion peptides created due to incomplete coupling during synthesis,
and modified peptides created during the cleavage.
These species can
be removed using reversed phase HPLC.
- Hydrolysis of a peptide
bond is slow but does occur. Store peptides as dry as possible at -20C
or -70C. Desiccate if possible. Remember that hydrophobic peptides bind
avidly to glass. Cysteinecontaining peptides will oxidize over time,
even when stored at -20C. Long term storage of peptides in solution is
not recommended regardless of the temperature.
- Peptide mapping is an
identity test for proteins, especially those obtained by r-DNA
technology. It involves the chemical or enzymatic treatment of a protein
resulting in the formation of peptide fragments followed by separation
and identification of the fragments in a reproducible manner. It is a
powerful test that is capable of identifying single amino acid changes
resulting from events such as errors in the reading of complementary DNA
(cDNA) sequences or point mutations.
- The company recently
introduced Amberchrom™ HPR10 Resin designed for therapeutic peptide or
protein manufacture using
recombinant DNA technology. There are
several chromatography steps designed to isolate the product and
establish its purity. This starts first with capture-concentration, and
is followed by one or more intermediate purification steps, and is
completed with final polishing.
- Peptides have recently
been used in the study of protein and function. For example, synthetic
peptides can be used as probes to see where protein-peptide interactions
occur. Inhibitory peptides are also used in clinical research to examine
the effects of peptides on the inhibition of cancer proteins and other
diseases.
- Peptides are widely
used in creating medicines where the total market size for peptide
medicine is estimated to be approximately 10 billion USD. There are
currently many types of manufacturing processes. These conventional
synthetic methods require complicated steps for protection and
deprotection of a protecting group in the amino acid and produce a high
level of impurities
and existence of the racemic mixtures. Standard
purification procedures are very expensive and become impossible to meet
this expanded demand for peptides easily with conventional peptide
synthesis methods.
- Avecia spin-out Reaxa
has launched a new peptide coupling technology based on
2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT), which it claims offers major
operational and cost benefits in both small and large scale
solid-phase peptide synthesis.In addition to sub-licensing 2-MBT
technology to peptide manufacturers, Reaxa offers a range of specialist
services to support peptide drug discovery and process development -
based largely on stakeholder Avecia's expertise in Fmoc solid-phase
peptide synthesis.
- Although peptide drugs
have been on the market for decades - insulin being the most prominent
example - it was not until 10 to 15 years ago that the pharmaceutical
industry really started to work seriously on the development of a new
generation of peptide-based
therapeutics, prompted by advances in
the understanding of the genetics of disease. But initial enthusiasm was
soon dampened by the realisation that drug delivery technologies at that
time were not up to the task of getting these relatively large
compounds into the body effectively, while production
could be
complex and expensive. |
General
Information
- Peptide
- Structure of
peptide
- Peptide design
- Peptide
synthesis
- Essentials of Peptide
Synthesis
- Nomenclature and
Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides
Production
process
- Innovative peptide
production
- Endogenous Production
of Antimicrobial Peptides
- Insulin C-peptide
production in cell spheroids
- Novel manufacturing
process for the peptide production
- Clinical batch
production of peptide-loaded nanoparticles
- Parathyroid
Hormone-Related Peptide Production
- Production of "ectopic"
vasoactive intestinal peptide-like and neurotensin-like
immunoreactivity
- Calpain Inhibitor I
Increases b-Amyloid Peptide Production
- Oral delivery and
recombinant production of peptide hormones
- Reproducible Production
of a PEGylated Dual-Acting Peptide
Synthesis
- Peptide Synthesis
- Peptide synthesis: from
amino acids to function
- Fluorous Peptide
Synthesis
- Strategy of peptide
synthesis
- Solid Phase Peptide
Synthesis
- Peptide synthesis
reagents
- Synthesis of peptides
by transamination
- Accelerated chemical
synthesis of peptides and small proteins
- Synthesis of
antimicrobial peptides in the skin of Rana esculenta
- Synthesis of
peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates
- Nonribosomal peptide
synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi
- Peptide Library
Synthesis
- Individually
addressable parallel peptide synthesis on microchips
- Nonribosomal Peptide
Synthesis and Toxigenicity of Cyanobacteria
- Peptide templated synthesis of oligosaccharides
- Synthesis and
Properties of Novel Peptide Nucleic Acids
Company
Profiles
- Affymax
- American Peptide
Company
- Asubio
Pharmaceuticals
- Chinese Peptide Company
- Digilab
- GL Biochem (Shanghai)
Ltd
- Medicon Valley
- Orpegen Pharma
- TPI
- United
Biomedical
Consultants
- Jan Lipfert
- Jon D. Stewart
- Victor J.
Hruby
- James Joseph
Cheetham
- Michal Lebl
- Experts in
peptide synthesis
- Bioprocess Technology
Consultants
- Indian Peptide Society
Functions
- Peptide
characterization
- Hypothalamic control of
energy balance
- Molecular dynamics
simulations of helical antimicrobial peptides in SDS micelles
- Inhibition of Cell
Cycle Progression by a Synthetic Peptide
- Mechanisms of
Antimicrobial Peptide Action and Resistance
- Characterization of
Precipitated from a Multiply Phosphorylated Peptides Selectively
Pancreatic Casein Digest
- Histidine-rich
amphipathic peptide antibiotics promote efficient delivery of DNA into
mammalian cells
- Yeast Mitochondrial
Leader Peptide Functions in Vivo as a Dual Targeting Signal
Properties
- Unique Mucin
Immunoenhancing Peptide with Antitumor Properties
- Enzymatic Properties of
Escherichia coli Peptide Deformylase
- Properties of a
Heparin-binding Peptide Derived from Bovine Lactoferrin
- Novel properties of
antimicrobial peptides
- Prediction of signal
peptide functional properties
- Properties and
Structures of the Influenza and HIV Fusion Peptides on Lipid
Membranes
- Surface Activity and
Related Functional Properties of Peptides Obtained from Whey
Proteins
- Functional Properties
of Two Bombesin-Like Peptide Receptors
- Structural properties
of the chloroplast stromal processing peptidase
Material Safety Data
Sheet
- Peptide
- C-peptide
- ProteoHook
- Peptide Pool
“Classic”
- Tau Peptide
Series
- CE – Peptide – Pool
HLA-A24
- Peptide Pool
“Plus”
- Calypte HIV-1 BED
Incidence EIA
- Double Antibody
C-Peptide Urinary Diluent
- Flu-P1
(Lyophilized)
Plant
- BCN peptides production
plants
- Bioview system
- Multi-products and
multi-scale " launch plant"
- Polypeptide
Laboratories production plants
- Synthetic tools and
accessories
- Neomps-peptide
production plants
|
Products
- Amino acids
- C-peptide
- Resins
- Biologically active
peptides
- Biologically active
proteins
- Carbohydrates and
Conjugates
- CLEAR resin
- Eternox peptide repair
creme
- Enzyme
inhibitors
- Enzyme substrates and
related compounds
- Lists of inhibitors and
substrates
- Peptide antisera
- Peptide Reagents
- Peptide coupling
reagents
- Japanese Encephalitis
Vaccine
Patent
- Peptides
- Peptide
esterification
- Peptide
composition
- Synthesis of peptides
- Oxidation of
peptides
- Peptide vector
- Pesticidal peptides
- Process for
synthesizing peptides or peptide derivatives
- Peptides and processes
for producing cyclic peptides
- Therapeutically useful
peptides and peptide fragments
Technology
- Peptide mapping
- Advancement in
intermediate opioid peptide production in an enzymatic membrane
reactor
- Accelerated Analysis of
peptide hydrolysates in less than 30 mins.
- Apolipoprotein (apo) E4
enhances amyloid peptide production in cultured neuronal cells
- Splicing of unnatural
amino acids into proteins
- Determination of
Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) in Peptides
- Novel resin technology
for purification of peptides
- Blocking with
immunizing peptide protocol
- Tamapin, a Venom
Peptide from the Indian Red Scorpion
Applications
- Peptide-immobilized
nanoporous alumina membranes for enhanced osteoblast adhesion
- Use of B-Type
Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) in Practice
- Uses of peptide in
cosmetics
- From Production of
Peptides in Milligram Amounts for Research to Multi-Tons Quantities for
Drugs of the Future
- A New Treatment for
Chemotherapy-Induced Enteritis
- Industrial application
of coupling reagents in peptides
- Colostrum and
milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of
gastrointestinal disorders1
- Peptide therapy for
anti-D replacement treatment
- PepSets and their
Applications
Projects
- Peptide Ion
Fragmentation for Proteomics Applications
- 2 and 3 Peptide
Cocktail Projects
- Analysis of peptides in
pig and mouse brain for the Peptidome database
- Peptide
Technology
- Bio-based Functional materials from Engineered
Self-Assembling Peptides
- European union
concerted action on peptide sensitisation
- In Vivo Assessment of
Anti-telomerase Peptide Nucleic Acids as a Novel Cancer Therapeutic
Strategy
- Synthesis of
heterocyclic analogs of amino acids and peptides
Market
- The kindness of cows’
milk
- Advion Biosciences and
applied biosystems/MDS sciex to co-market automated chip-based
nanoelectrospray to life science market
- Peptide therapeutics market grows in fits and starts for
drug firms and contract manufacturers
- Indian drug cos prepare
a peptide mix
- Reaxa launches new
peptide coupling agent
- Peptide market finally
ripening
- Therapeutic Peptides
under the Spotlight
Report
- Interpreting the
Results of Peptide Analysis
- Biotech desk catalog
2006-2007
- Biologically functional
peptides
- Using Structural
Biology to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Market analysis of
peptide
- Mini-PEG report
- TAG Copenhagen custom
peptide modifications Price list
- Peptide Competition
Assay (PCA) report
- Peptides International
report
- Soluta PSD delivers
innovation in peptide chemistry
- Peptide synthesis
order
- Custom Peptide
Quotation Form
- The abc's of peptide
sequencing
- Recent development of
peptide coupling reagents in organic synthesis
Manufacturers and
Suppliers
- Peptide suppliers
directory
- Sell offers of
peptides
- Peptide sellers
- Peptide synthesis
reagent and peptide suppliers
- Selling leads of
peptide
- Peptide station
- Peptide
wholesalers
Guidelines
- Peptide: Handling and
Storage recommendations
- Low-priced peptides:
affordable
- General Guidelines for
Cleaved PepSets
- Peptide Pricing
Guide
- Peptide conjugation
guidelines
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