- Rare earths are a
group of 17 elements comprising scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides
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The lanthanides are a
group of 15 elements: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium, erbium, thulium,
ytterbium, and lutetium -
The recoverable reserves
of Rare Earth are about a million tons in the world. China has the
largest reserve of about half of the world reserves. The balance
reserves are held by USA, Commonwealth of Independent states, India,
Canada, South Africa and Brazil
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European countries & Japan
have almost no rare earth resources
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Thulium is found
principally in the mineral monazite, from which it is extracted by ion
exchange and solvent extraction. It can also be isolated by reduction of
the anhydrous fluoride with calcium metal, or reduction of the oxide
with lanthanum metal -
When irradiated in a
nuclear reactor, thulium produces an isotope that emits X-rays. A
“button” of this isotope is used to make a lightweight, portable X-ray
machine for medical use. The “hot” thulium is replaced every few months.
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China, France, India, and
Japan were major import sources of
rare-earth chlorides, nitrates, and other concentrates and compounds -
Another end use is
Electron Beam Tubes and Medical Image Visualization
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Kg of thulium sells at
about USD Eight Hundred
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General
Introduction
- Product Information
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Properties
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Rare earth Profile
Mineral
Sources
- Rare Earths - China
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Metal-organic compounds
Technology
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Thulium doped Fiber Amplifier
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Glass & Fibre Lasers
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Thulium-based capsule and devices for use in
high dose rate brachytherapy
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Optical
waveguide laser
- Heat Source
Material
Processing
- Solvent
extraction separation of the rare earths
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Separation of rare earth values by liquid/liquid extraction
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Double solvent
liquid-liquid extraction
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Lanthanum oxide
Products
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Electronic Space Products
Reports
- Rare earth - Production report
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Advance technical
program
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Investors
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Market
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Rare Earth Industry profile
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Report
2008
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Prices
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China Rare Earth
Information
Company
Profiles
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American Company
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Company - Thulium Lasers
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Company profile
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Chinese supplier
Projects
- Canada
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South Africa
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Project News
Applications
and Uses
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Quantum computing applications
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Powder Coating
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Germanate
glass fiber laser
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Thulium doped fibre amplifier
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End uses
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Thulium Laser
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Magnets
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Permanent Magnets
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Defense Applications
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Selected Defense
applications
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Optical Fibre
communication systems
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Links
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