Folate

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• Folate, a water-soluble vitamin, helps the body form red blood cells and aids in the formation of genetic material within every body cell.
• Folate deficiency is a lack of folic acid in the diet and the signs are often subtle.
• Folate, an important B-group vitamin, participates in many metabolic pathways such as DNA and RNA biosynthesis and amino acid inter-conversions.
• Rapidly proliferating cells require large amounts of folate to support efficient DNA replication, repair and methylation indicating the importance of folate in human metabolism.
• Folate is an essential cofactor during human erythropoiesis. Low folate levels lead to prolongation of the synthesis phase of cell division and retardation of germ cell maturation.
• Probiotic bacteria, mostly belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, confer a number of health benefits to the host, including vitamin production. Lactobacillus plantarum constitutes an exception among lactobacilli, since it is capable of folate production in presence of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) and deserves to be used in animal trials to validate its ability to produce the vitamin in vivo.
• It is commonly recognized that folates may play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease by reducing the homocysteine concentrations in the blood.
• Folate auxotrophic organisms, such as humans, contain a polyglutamyl folate hydrolase activity to remove the glutamyl tail and make the folate available for uptake by the tissue cells. This conversion is catalyzed by intestinal ?-glutamyl hydrolases.
• Recent data indicate that the folate status in the USA population has improved significantly, presumably due to the effects of fortification.
• The highest folate concentrations were mostly found in color-fleshed potatoes. Variations of folate concentrations within either color- or white-fleshed tubers were similar ( 2-fold). Skin contained 30% higher folate concentrations than flesh. Storage of tubers for 7 months generally led to an increase in folate contents. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that higher folate contents were correlated with lower mRNA expression of some folate genes.
• Dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper have been a successful and economical matrix for neonatal screening. Over 95% of DBS folate was eluted during a standardized sonication cycle and DBS folate assay reproducibility was acceptable both within (CV: <8%) and between (CV: <9%) runs.
• Molecularly, folate is comprised of three parts—a p-aminobenzoate (PABA) central motif linked via its carboxyl group to one or more glutamate residues and a pteridine ring bonded to PABA’s amino group. In plants, these molecules are produced in different parts of the cell.
• Biochemical data obtained during the last decade on the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors and on folate enzymes in malaria support the hypothesis that malaria parasites are similar to microorganisms that synthesize folate cofactors de novo. Sulfa drugs inhibit plasmodial dihydropteroate synthase.
• Most whole blood folate (WBF) assay procedures have involved heat extraction, but an automated method utilized the aseptic addition technique.
• Determination of the concentration of erythrocyte folate by means of competitive protein binding assay critically depends on the extraction procedure applied. Results will be influenced by variable factors such as the in vitro age of the blood samples, the degree of hemolysis, the presonce
  of ascorbic acid, and the pH during extraction and elimination of proteins.
• The intake of folate from foods and the folate status of (parts of) the European population are below the dietary recommendation and also below the doses necessary for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs). At the same time, the prevalence of NTD in Europe is about 1 case per 1,000 live-births.
• A large part of the population in Germany does not reach the recommended folate intake. Because of the observed association between sufficient folic acid intake and the prevention of NTDs, it has been recommended in Germany women who wish or could become pregnant, take 400 µg folic acid per day as a supplement in addition to the recommended intake for the general population.
• In Germany According to the results of the survey only 16% of men and 10% of women reach the intake recommended by DGE of 400 µg folate equivalents per day assuming a consumption situation with no fortified foods.
• Cost-benefit analysis requires quantifying all anticipated benefits and costs of a proposed intervention. The economic benefit of fortification equals the product of the incremental cost associated with each neural tube defect case and the number of cases averted. Our estimate of the latter quantity is based on estimates of how many more women in the target population would consume adequate folate if fortification were instituted and how much an individual's risk of having an affected child would be reduced.
• Macrophages have long been recognized as a prominent component of tumors. Activated macrophages overexpress folate receptors and we used this phenomenon to image inflammatory reactions in colon dysplasia using a fluorescent folate probe (FFP).
• A commercial kit for the radioisotopic assay of folate in serum, the Bio-Rad 'Quanta Count' folate kit, produced lower results than the Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay method. The cost requires careful consideration before the kit is used for routine purposes.
• LGC developed an HPLC procedure for the determination of folates in food. The procedure could be used to determine the major, naturally occurring folates in foods but had only limited sensitivity for the synthetic form, folic acid which is used for fortification.

Study

• Plasma folate studies in HIV positive patients
• Physiological responses to folate overproduction in Lactobacillus plantarum
• A folate receptor beta-specific human monoclonal antibody recognizes activated macrophage of
  rheumatoid patients and mediates antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• Convergence pattern studies of folate receptor
• Homocysteine metabolism in children with down syndrome: in vitro modulation

Synthesis

• Comparative genomics of bacterial and plant folate synthesis and
  salvage
• Folate Synthesis and Metabolism in Plants and Prospects For Biofortification
• Folate synthesis in higher-plant mitochondria
• Biosynthesis of Folates by Streptococcus thermophilus and
  Lactobacillus delbruekii ssp. bulgaricus
• Synthesis and Regulation of Folate Coenzymes During early Germination in Vigna radiata
• Folate Biosynthesis – Reappraisal of Old and Novel Targets in the Search
  for New Antimicrobials
• The Enzymatic Synthesis of Folate-like Compounds from Hydroxymethyl dihydropteridine Pyrophosphate
• Folate synthesis in plants

Technology

• Folate synthesis in plants
• Determination of Erythrocyte folate by competitive protein binding assay preceded by extraction
• Evaluation of a commercial radioisotopic kit for folate assays
• Methotrexate delivery via folate
  targeted dendrimer-based
  nanotherapeutic platform
• Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for the determination of Folate in Food
• Assay of serum and whole blood folate by a modified aseptic addition technique

Treatment

• Homocysteine, Folate and vitamin B12 in neuropsychiatric diseases
• Treatment of experimental adjuvant arthritis with a novel folate receptor-targeted folic acidaminopterin
  conjugate
• Folate-Conjugated Liposome Mediated Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
• Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation in patients with uraemia
• Subacute combined degeneration of the cord due to folate deficiency: response to methyl folate treatment
• Subnormal Serum Folate and Macrocytosis Associated with Anticonvulsant Drug Therapy
• Double-blind randomised controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of
  neural-tube defects
• Folate Therapy and In-Stent Restenosis after Coronary Stenting

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